Back to Insights
Britain’s exit from coal: lessons for a just transition
November 2026, 7 min read
A personal reflection. The views expressed are my own.
In September 2024, the UK became the first G7 country to stop generating electricity from coal. Behind that milestone lie two very different transitions: one that was barely managed at all, and one that was planned. Working between the UK and Türkiye, I find the contrast between them one of the most useful guides to getting a just transition right.
The long shadow of the pit closures
Since the miners’ strike of 1984–85, more than a quarter of a million British miners have lost their jobs. The closures came fast and with little planning for what would replace them.
The consequences have lasted for decades. Research by Sheffield Hallam University found that between 1981 and 2004 the coal industry lost around 222,000 male jobs, while only about 132,000 new male jobs were created in the same areas. It took twenty to thirty years for job numbers to recover, and many of the new jobs were poorly paid. Much of the unemployment was hidden: large numbers of redundant miners moved onto incapacity benefits and disappeared from the official jobless figures.
Forty years on, the gap is still visible. The State of the Coalfields 2024 report found that former coalfields have just 57 employee jobs for every 100 working-age residents, against a national average of 73. More than half of employed residents work in manual jobs, and hourly earnings are 6–7% below the national average.
The lesson is stark. When a transition is left to happen on its own, the cost is paid by whole communities, over generations.
The power sector: a fast and orderly exit
The end of coal power tells a different story. In 2013, coal still generated 38% of Britain’s electricity. By 2018 this had fallen to 5%, and by 2023 to about 1%. The government set out its intention to close all coal power stations in 2015, giving operators, workers and the grid a clear timeline. On 30 September 2024, Ratcliffe-on-Soar in Nottinghamshire closed, ending 142 years of coal-fired electricity. Its owner plans to turn the site into a carbon-free technology and energy hub.
A clear end date, alternatives ready to take over and a plan for the site: none of this makes a transition painless, but it makes it far more manageable.
Today’s test: Grangemouth and the North Sea
The UK’s current challenge is oil and gas. The closure of the Grangemouth refinery in Scotland in 2025, with around 400 jobs lost, became an early test. The UK and Scottish governments put together a joint support package, including a training guarantee and up to £10 million for skills support to help workers into clean energy jobs.
Even so, Scotland’s Just Transition Commission called it a disorderly closure and a warning of how difficult and expensive a transition becomes when it is handled reactively. A House of Commons committee later described the local employment shock as avoidable. Researchers at Robert Gordon University have warned that job losses in the wider North Sea sector could be equivalent to a Grangemouth closure every two weeks.
The response is now more structured. The government’s North Sea Future Plan, published in November 2025, includes a North Sea Jobs Service to help workers assess their skills, identify career pathways and access training. Whether it delivers will depend on whether clean energy jobs arrive quickly enough, and in the right places.
What this means for Türkiye, and for the UK
Türkiye is at an earlier stage, but the parallels are clear. Its coal workforce is small nationally but concentrated in a few regions, such as Zonguldak, Soma and Afşin-Elbistan, where it is central to the local economy. Six lessons from the British experience stand out:
- Plan before closures, not after. Grangemouth shows that even with institutions and money in place, reacting late is costly. Planning for coal regions should start long before any closure dates.
- Measure real outcomes. Headline unemployment can hide the problem. Track economic inactivity, job quality and earnings, not only who is registered as unemployed.
- Think in decades. Regeneration in Britain’s coalfields has taken a generation and is still incomplete. Support needs to be long-term and place-based.
- Make it personal. Individual skills assessments and career guidance, of the kind the North Sea Jobs Service aims to provide, matter more than generic training programmes.
- Share responsibility. Employers phasing down high-emitting operations should play an active role in managing the social impact, alongside government.
- Independent oversight helps. Scotland’s Just Transition Commission keeps the issue visible and holds governments to account. A similar independent voice could strengthen Türkiye’s approach.
The learning can flow both ways. Türkiye’s experience of running large-scale employment and skills programmes, built over two decades of EU-funded projects, offers practical know-how in delivering support on the ground.
Looking ahead
With COP31 taking place in Antalya, the UK and Türkiye will both be at the centre of the climate conversation this month. Britain’s story shows that ending a high-carbon industry is achievable. It also shows that the people and places affected will remember how it was done long after the last plant closes.
If you’re working on just transition, employment or regional development programmes, in the UK or internationally, get in touch.